mirrors/linux
1
0
Fork 1
mirror of https://github.com/torvalds/linux.git synced 2025-11-04 10:40:15 +02:00
Code Issues Projects Releases Packages Wiki Activity Actions

docs: filesystems: convert f2fs.txt to ReST

Browse source 
- Add a SPDX header;
- Adjust document and section titles;
- Some whitespace fixes and new line breaks;
- Mark literal blocks as such;
- Add table markups;
- Add it to filesystems/index.rst.

Signed-off-by: Mauro Carvalho Chehab <mchehab+huawei@kernel.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/8dd156320b0c015dec6d3f848d03ea057042a15b.1581955849.git.mchehab+huawei@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>
This commit is contained in:
Mauro Carvalho Chehab 2020-02-17 17:12:04 +01:00 committed by Jonathan Corbet
parent 7dc6240632
commit 89272ca110
2 changed files with 143 additions and 110 deletions
repo.diff.show_diff_stats Download patch file Download diff file Expand all files Collapse all files

252
Documentation/filesystems/f2fs.txt → Documentation/filesystems/f2fs.rst
View file

@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
================================================================================
.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
==========================================
WHAT IS Flash-Friendly File System (F2FS)?
================================================================================
==========================================
NAND flash memory-based storage devices, such as SSD, eMMC, and SD cards, have
been equipped on a variety systems ranging from mobile to server systems. Since
@ -20,14 +22,15 @@ layout, but also for selecting allocation and cleaning algorithms.
The following git tree provides the file system formatting tool (mkfs.f2fs),
a consistency checking tool (fsck.f2fs), and a debugging tool (dump.f2fs).
>> git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jaegeuk/f2fs-tools.git
- git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jaegeuk/f2fs-tools.git
For reporting bugs and sending patches, please use the following mailing list:
>> linux-f2fs-devel@lists.sourceforge.net
================================================================================
BACKGROUND AND DESIGN ISSUES
================================================================================
- linux-f2fs-devel@lists.sourceforge.net
Background and Design issues
============================
Log-structured File System (LFS)
--------------------------------
@ -61,6 +64,7 @@ needs to reclaim these obsolete blocks seamlessly to users. This job is called
as a cleaning process.
The process consists of three operations as follows.
1. A victim segment is selected through referencing segment usage table.
2. It loads parent index structures of all the data in the victim identified by
segment summary blocks.
@ -71,9 +75,8 @@ This cleaning job may cause unexpected long delays, so the most important goal
is to hide the latencies to users. And also definitely, it should reduce the
amount of valid data to be moved, and move them quickly as well.
================================================================================
KEY FEATURES
================================================================================
Key Features
============
Flash Awareness
---------------
@ -94,10 +97,11 @@ Cleaning Overhead
- Support multi-head logs for static/dynamic hot and cold data separation
- Introduce adaptive logging for efficient block allocation
================================================================================
MOUNT OPTIONS
================================================================================
Mount Options
=============
====================== ============================================================
background_gc=%s Turn on/off cleaning operations, namely garbage
collection, triggered in background when I/O subsystem is
idle. If background_gc=on, it will turn on the garbage
@ -167,7 +171,10 @@ fault_injection=%d Enable fault injection in all supported types with
fault_type=%d Support configuring fault injection type, should be
enabled with fault_injection option, fault type value
is shown below, it supports single or combined type.
=================== ===========
Type_Name Type_Value
=================== ===========
FAULT_KMALLOC 0x000000001
FAULT_KVMALLOC 0x000000002
FAULT_PAGE_ALLOC 0x000000004
@ -183,6 +190,7 @@ fault_type=%d Support configuring fault injection type, should be
FAULT_CHECKPOINT 0x000001000
FAULT_DISCARD 0x000002000
FAULT_WRITE_IO 0x000004000
=================== ===========
mode=%s Control block allocation mode which supports "adaptive"
and "lfs". In "lfs" mode, there should be no random
writes towards main area.
@ -219,7 +227,7 @@ fsync_mode=%s Control the policy of fsync. Currently supports "posix",
non-atomic files likewise "nobarrier" mount option.
test_dummy_encryption Enable dummy encryption, which provides a fake fscrypt
context. The fake fscrypt context is used by xfstests.
checkpoint=%s[:%u[%]] Set to "disable" to turn off checkpointing. Set to "enable"
checkpoint=%s[:%u[%]] Set to "disable" to turn off checkpointing. Set to "enable"
to reenable checkpointing. Is enabled by default. While
disabled, any unmounting or unexpected shutdowns will cause
the filesystem contents to appear as they did when the
@ -246,22 +254,22 @@ compress_extension=%s Support adding specified extension, so that f2fs can enab
on compression extension list and enable compression on
these file by default rather than to enable it via ioctl.
For other files, we can still enable compression via ioctl.
====================== ============================================================
================================================================================
DEBUGFS ENTRIES
================================================================================
Debugfs Entries
===============
/sys/kernel/debug/f2fs/ contains information about all the partitions mounted as
f2fs. Each file shows the whole f2fs information.
/sys/kernel/debug/f2fs/status includes:
- major file system information managed by f2fs currently
- average SIT information about whole segments
- current memory footprint consumed by f2fs.
================================================================================
SYSFS ENTRIES
================================================================================
Sysfs Entries
=============
Information about mounted f2fs file systems can be found in
/sys/fs/f2fs. Each mounted filesystem will have a directory in
@ -271,22 +279,24 @@ The files in each per-device directory are shown in table below.
Files in /sys/fs/f2fs/<devname>
(see also Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-fs-f2fs)
================================================================================
USAGE
================================================================================
Usage
=====
1. Download userland tools and compile them.
2. Skip, if f2fs was compiled statically inside kernel.
Otherwise, insert the f2fs.ko module.
# insmod f2fs.ko
Otherwise, insert the f2fs.ko module::
3. Create a directory trying to mount
# mkdir /mnt/f2fs
# insmod f2fs.ko
4. Format the block device, and then mount as f2fs
# mkfs.f2fs -l label /dev/block_device
# mount -t f2fs /dev/block_device /mnt/f2fs
3. Create a directory trying to mount::
# mkdir /mnt/f2fs
4. Format the block device, and then mount as f2fs::
# mkfs.f2fs -l label /dev/block_device
# mount -t f2fs /dev/block_device /mnt/f2fs
mkfs.f2fs
---------
@ -294,18 +304,26 @@ The mkfs.f2fs is for the use of formatting a partition as the f2fs filesystem,
which builds a basic on-disk layout.
The options consist of:
-l [label] : Give a volume label, up to 512 unicode name.
-a [0 or 1] : Split start location of each area for heap-based allocation.
1 is set by default, which performs this.
-o [int] : Set overprovision ratio in percent over volume size.
5 is set by default.
-s [int] : Set the number of segments per section.
1 is set by default.
-z [int] : Set the number of sections per zone.
1 is set by default.
-e [str] : Set basic extension list. e.g. "mp3,gif,mov"
-t [0 or 1] : Disable discard command or not.
1 is set by default, which conducts discard.
=============== ===========================================================
``-l [label]`` Give a volume label, up to 512 unicode name.
``-a [0 or 1]`` Split start location of each area for heap-based allocation.
1 is set by default, which performs this.
``-o [int]`` Set overprovision ratio in percent over volume size.
5 is set by default.
``-s [int]`` Set the number of segments per section.
1 is set by default.
``-z [int]`` Set the number of sections per zone.
1 is set by default.
``-e [str]`` Set basic extension list. e.g. "mp3,gif,mov"
``-t [0 or 1]`` Disable discard command or not.
1 is set by default, which conducts discard.
=============== ===========================================================
fsck.f2fs
---------
@ -314,7 +332,8 @@ partition, which examines whether the filesystem metadata and user-made data
are cross-referenced correctly or not.
Note that, initial version of the tool does not fix any inconsistency.
The options consist of:
The options consist of::
-d debug level [default:0]
dump.f2fs
@ -327,20 +346,21 @@ It shows on-disk inode information recognized by a given inode number, and is
able to dump all the SSA and SIT entries into predefined files, ./dump_ssa and
./dump_sit respectively.
The options consist of:
The options consist of::
-d debug level [default:0]
-i inode no (hex)
-s [SIT dump segno from #1~#2 (decimal), for all 0~-1]
-a [SSA dump segno from #1~#2 (decimal), for all 0~-1]
Examples:
# dump.f2fs -i [ino] /dev/sdx
# dump.f2fs -s 0~-1 /dev/sdx (SIT dump)
# dump.f2fs -a 0~-1 /dev/sdx (SSA dump)
Examples::
================================================================================
DESIGN
================================================================================
# dump.f2fs -i [ino] /dev/sdx
# dump.f2fs -s 0~-1 /dev/sdx (SIT dump)
# dump.f2fs -a 0~-1 /dev/sdx (SSA dump)
Design
======
On-disk Layout
--------------
@ -351,7 +371,7 @@ consists of a set of sections. By default, section and zone sizes are set to one
segment size identically, but users can easily modify the sizes by mkfs.
F2FS splits the entire volume into six areas, and all the areas except superblock
consists of multiple segments as described below.
consists of multiple segments as described below::
align with the zone size <-|
|-> align with the segment size
@ -373,28 +393,28 @@ consists of multiple segments as described below.
|__zone__|
- Superblock (SB)
: It is located at the beginning of the partition, and there exist two copies
It is located at the beginning of the partition, and there exist two copies
to avoid file system crash. It contains basic partition information and some
default parameters of f2fs.
- Checkpoint (CP)
: It contains file system information, bitmaps for valid NAT/SIT sets, orphan
It contains file system information, bitmaps for valid NAT/SIT sets, orphan
inode lists, and summary entries of current active segments.
- Segment Information Table (SIT)
: It contains segment information such as valid block count and bitmap for the
It contains segment information such as valid block count and bitmap for the
validity of all the blocks.
- Node Address Table (NAT)
: It is composed of a block address table for all the node blocks stored in
It is composed of a block address table for all the node blocks stored in
Main area.
- Segment Summary Area (SSA)
: It contains summary entries which contains the owner information of all the
It contains summary entries which contains the owner information of all the
data and node blocks stored in Main area.
- Main Area
: It contains file and directory data including their indices.
It contains file and directory data including their indices.
In order to avoid misalignment between file system and flash-based storage, F2FS
aligns the start block address of CP with the segment size. Also, it aligns the
@ -414,7 +434,7 @@ One of them always indicates the last valid data, which is called as shadow copy
mechanism. In addition to CP, NAT and SIT also adopt the shadow copy mechanism.
For file system consistency, each CP points to which NAT and SIT copies are
valid, as shown as below.
valid, as shown as below::
+--------+----------+---------+
| CP | SIT | NAT |
@ -438,7 +458,7 @@ indirect node. F2FS assigns 4KB to an inode block which contains 923 data block
indices, two direct node pointers, two indirect node pointers, and one double
indirect node pointer as described below. One direct node block contains 1018
data blocks, and one indirect node block contains also 1018 node blocks. Thus,
one inode block (i.e., a file) covers:
one inode block (i.e., a file) covers::
4KB * (923 + 2 * 1018 + 2 * 1018 * 1018 + 1018 * 1018 * 1018) := 3.94TB.
@ -473,6 +493,8 @@ A dentry block consists of 214 dentry slots and file names. Therein a bitmap is
used to represent whether each dentry is valid or not. A dentry block occupies
4KB with the following composition.
::
Dentry Block(4 K) = bitmap (27 bytes) + reserved (3 bytes) +
dentries(11 * 214 bytes) + file name (8 * 214 bytes)
@ -498,23 +520,25 @@ F2FS implements multi-level hash tables for directory structure. Each level has
a hash table with dedicated number of hash buckets as shown below. Note that
"A(2B)" means a bucket includes 2 data blocks.
----------------------
A : bucket
B : block
N : MAX_DIR_HASH_DEPTH
----------------------
::
level #0 | A(2B)
|
level #1 | A(2B) - A(2B)
|
level #2 | A(2B) - A(2B) - A(2B) - A(2B)
. | . . . .
level #N/2 | A(2B) - A(2B) - A(2B) - A(2B) - A(2B) - ... - A(2B)
. | . . . .
level #N | A(4B) - A(4B) - A(4B) - A(4B) - A(4B) - ... - A(4B)
----------------------
A : bucket
B : block
N : MAX_DIR_HASH_DEPTH
----------------------
The number of blocks and buckets are determined by,
level #0 | A(2B)
|
level #1 | A(2B) - A(2B)
|
level #2 | A(2B) - A(2B) - A(2B) - A(2B)
. | . . . .
level #N/2 | A(2B) - A(2B) - A(2B) - A(2B) - A(2B) - ... - A(2B)
. | . . . .
level #N | A(4B) - A(4B) - A(4B) - A(4B) - A(4B) - ... - A(4B)
The number of blocks and buckets are determined by::
,- 2, if n < MAX_DIR_HASH_DEPTH / 2,
# of blocks in level #n = |
@ -532,7 +556,7 @@ dentry consisting of the file name and its inode number. If not found, F2FS
scans the next hash table in level #1. In this way, F2FS scans hash tables in
each levels incrementally from 1 to N. In each levels F2FS needs to scan only
one bucket determined by the following equation, which shows O(log(# of files))
complexity.
complexity::
bucket number to scan in level #n = (hash value) % (# of buckets in level #n)
@ -540,7 +564,8 @@ In the case of file creation, F2FS finds empty consecutive slots that cover the
file name. F2FS searches the empty slots in the hash tables of whole levels from
1 to N in the same way as the lookup operation.
The following figure shows an example of two cases holding children.
The following figure shows an example of two cases holding children::
--------------> Dir <--------------
| |
child child
@ -611,14 +636,15 @@ Write-hint Policy
2) whint_mode=user-based. F2FS tries to pass down hints given by
users.
===================== ======================== ===================
User F2FS Block
---- ---- -----
===================== ======================== ===================
META WRITE_LIFE_NOT_SET
HOT_NODE "
WARM_NODE "
COLD_NODE "
*ioctl(COLD) COLD_DATA WRITE_LIFE_EXTREME
*extension list " "
ioctl(COLD) COLD_DATA WRITE_LIFE_EXTREME
extension list " "
-- buffered io
WRITE_LIFE_EXTREME COLD_DATA WRITE_LIFE_EXTREME
@ -635,11 +661,13 @@ WRITE_LIFE_NOT_SET WARM_DATA WRITE_LIFE_NOT_SET
WRITE_LIFE_NONE " WRITE_LIFE_NONE
WRITE_LIFE_MEDIUM " WRITE_LIFE_MEDIUM
WRITE_LIFE_LONG " WRITE_LIFE_LONG
===================== ======================== ===================
3) whint_mode=fs-based. F2FS passes down hints with its policy.
===================== ======================== ===================
User F2FS Block
---- ---- -----
===================== ======================== ===================
META WRITE_LIFE_MEDIUM;
HOT_NODE WRITE_LIFE_NOT_SET
WARM_NODE "
@ -662,6 +690,7 @@ WRITE_LIFE_NOT_SET WARM_DATA WRITE_LIFE_NOT_SET
WRITE_LIFE_NONE " WRITE_LIFE_NONE
WRITE_LIFE_MEDIUM " WRITE_LIFE_MEDIUM
WRITE_LIFE_LONG " WRITE_LIFE_LONG
===================== ======================== ===================
Fallocate(2) Policy
-------------------
@ -681,6 +710,7 @@ Allocating disk space
However, once F2FS receives ioctl(fd, F2FS_IOC_SET_PIN_FILE) in prior to
fallocate(fd, DEFAULT_MODE), it allocates on-disk blocks addressess having
zero or random data, which is useful to the below scenario where:
1. create(fd)
2. ioctl(fd, F2FS_IOC_SET_PIN_FILE)
3. fallocate(fd, 0, 0, size)
@ -692,39 +722,41 @@ Compression implementation
--------------------------
- New term named cluster is defined as basic unit of compression, file can
be divided into multiple clusters logically. One cluster includes 4 << n
(n >= 0) logical pages, compression size is also cluster size, each of
cluster can be compressed or not.
be divided into multiple clusters logically. One cluster includes 4 << n
(n >= 0) logical pages, compression size is also cluster size, each of
cluster can be compressed or not.
- In cluster metadata layout, one special block address is used to indicate
cluster is compressed one or normal one, for compressed cluster, following
metadata maps cluster to [1, 4 << n - 1] physical blocks, in where f2fs
stores data including compress header and compressed data.
cluster is compressed one or normal one, for compressed cluster, following
metadata maps cluster to [1, 4 << n - 1] physical blocks, in where f2fs
stores data including compress header and compressed data.
- In order to eliminate write amplification during overwrite, F2FS only
support compression on write-once file, data can be compressed only when
all logical blocks in file are valid and cluster compress ratio is lower
than specified threshold.
support compression on write-once file, data can be compressed only when
all logical blocks in file are valid and cluster compress ratio is lower
than specified threshold.
- To enable compression on regular inode, there are three ways:
* chattr +c file
* chattr +c dir; touch dir/file
* mount w/ -o compress_extension=ext; touch file.ext
Compress metadata layout:
[Dnode Structure]
+-----------------------------------------------+
| cluster 1 | cluster 2 | ......... | cluster N |
+-----------------------------------------------+
. . . .
. . . .
. Compressed Cluster . . Normal Cluster .
+----------+---------+---------+---------+ +---------+---------+---------+---------+
|compr flag| block 1 | block 2 | block 3 | | block 1 | block 2 | block 3 | block 4 |
+----------+---------+---------+---------+ +---------+---------+---------+---------+
. .
. .
. .
+-------------+-------------+----------+----------------------------+
| data length | data chksum | reserved | compressed data |
+-------------+-------------+----------+----------------------------+
* chattr +c file
* chattr +c dir; touch dir/file
* mount w/ -o compress_extension=ext; touch file.ext
Compress metadata layout::
[Dnode Structure]
+-----------------------------------------------+
| cluster 1 | cluster 2 | ......... | cluster N |
+-----------------------------------------------+
. . . .
. . . .
. Compressed Cluster . . Normal Cluster .
+----------+---------+---------+---------+ +---------+---------+---------+---------+
|compr flag| block 1 | block 2 | block 3 | | block 1 | block 2 | block 3 | block 4 |
+----------+---------+---------+---------+ +---------+---------+---------+---------+
. .
. .
. .
+-------------+-------------+----------+----------------------------+
| data length | data chksum | reserved | compressed data |
+-------------+-------------+----------+----------------------------+

1
Documentation/filesystems/index.rst
View file

@ -64,6 +64,7 @@ Documentation for filesystem implementations.
erofs
ext2
ext3
f2fs
fuse
overlayfs
virtiofs